MINI BIO EXPO IN CONJUNCTION WITH SCIENCE AND MATHS WEEK
AT SMK BANDAR BARU PUTRA, IPOH.
THE OLD SAYING GOES...
A PICTURE TELLS A THOUSAND WORDS;
HENCE THESE PICTURES TO CONVEY THE MESSAGE...
AT SMK BANDAR BARU PUTRA, IPOH.
THE OLD SAYING GOES...
A PICTURE TELLS A THOUSAND WORDS;
HENCE THESE PICTURES TO CONVEY THE MESSAGE...
SEVERAL MORE ICT SAVVY STUDENTS
EVEN RECORDED THE DISSECTION LIVE
FOR THE BENEFIT OF THOSE WHO COULD NOT
MAKE IT THERE PERSONALLY TO SEE IT...
DEMO BY THE TEACHER, PN LOH
FIRST-HAND EXPERIENCE BY SOME STUDENTS...
EVEN RECORDED THE DISSECTION LIVE
FOR THE BENEFIT OF THOSE WHO COULD NOT
MAKE IT THERE PERSONALLY TO SEE IT...
DEMO BY THE TEACHER, PN LOH
FIRST-HAND EXPERIENCE BY SOME STUDENTS...
A BIG THANK YOU TO THOSE WHO HAD HELPED TO MAKE THIS MINI BIO A SUCCESS...
teacher..
ReplyDeletewhere's my group picture?
safwan,
ReplyDeletecoming soon...
Ghia Chee,
ReplyDelete1) Colloid substances (It depends on which field your are looking for)
(i) Chemistry
Colloid is a substance that is able to disperse its particles throughout another substance (like butter fat does in milk or rain water does in the atmospheric gases). When this dispersion takes place it is almost impossible to tell that it is two substances instead of one that is being looked at, since it appears to be just one.
Many common food items (jelly) and other products (paper) are colloids. They appear to be singular components but actually are comprised of two separate things. These molecule clumps are often murky or opaque in appearance, such as fog and milk. And they do not separate while standing, such as oil and water do when they are combined.
(ii) Physiology
The gelatinous product of the thyroid gland, consisting mainly of thyroglobulin, which serves as the precursor and storage form of thyroid hormone.
(iii)Pathology
Gelatinous material resulting from colloid degeneration in diseased tissue.
2) Amylopectin
Starch is a mixture of two complex carbohydrates: amylose and amylopectin, both of which are polymers of glucose. It is used by plants as a way to store excess glucose.
Usually, the amylose and amylopectin constituents of starch are found in a ratio of 30:70 or 20:80, with amylopectin found in larger amounts than amylose.
Ilyani,
ReplyDeleteAll plant cells have several common features, such as chloroplasts, a cell wall, and a large vacuole. In addition, a number of specialized cells are found only in vascular plants. They include:
Parenchyma cells-Parenchyma (from the Greek para, meaning "beside," and en + chein, meaning "to pour in") cells are the most common cells found in leaves, stems, and roots. They are often spherical in shape with only primary cell walls. Parenchyma cells play a role in food storage, photosynthesis, and aerobic respiration. They are living cells at maturity. Most nutrients in plants such as corn and potatoes are contained in starch-laden parenchyma cells. These cells comprise the photosynthetic tissue of a leaf, the flesh of fruit, and the storage tissue of roots and seeds.
Collenchyma cells-Collenchyma (from the Greek term kola, meaning "glue") cells have thickened primary cell walls and lack secondary cell walls. They form strands or continuous cylinders just below the surfaces of stems or leaf stalks. The most common function of collenchyma cells is to provide support for parts of the plant that are still growing, such as the stem. Similar to parenchyma cells, collenchyma cells are living cells at maturity.
Sclerenchyma cells-Sclerenchyma (from the Greek term skleros, meaning "hard") cells have tough, rigid, thick secondary cell walls. These secondary cell walls are hardened with lignin, which is the main chemical component of wood. It makes the cell walls more rigid. Sclerenchyma cells provide rigid support for the plant. There are two types of sclerenchyma cells-fiber and sclereid. Fiber cells are long, slender cells that usually form strands or bundles. Sclereid cells, sometimes called stone cells, occur singly or in groups and have various forms. They have a thick, very hard secondary cell wall. Most sclerenchyma cells are dead cells at maturity.
Xylem-Xylem (from the Greek term xylos, meaning "wood") is the main water-conducting tissue of plants and consists of dead, hollow, tubular cells arranged end to end. The water transported in xylem replaces that lost via evaporation through stomata. The two types of water-conducting cells are tracheids and vessel elements. Water flows from the roots of a plant up through the shoot via pits in the secondary walls of the tracheids. Vessel elements have perforations in their end walls to allow the water to flow between cells.
Phloem-The two kinds of cells in the food-conducting tissue of plants, the phloem (from the Greek term phloios, meaning "bark"), are sieve cells and sieve-tube members. Sieve cells are found in seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms, while sieve-tube members are found in angiosperms. Both types of cells are elongated, slender, tube-like cells arranged end to end with clusters of pores at each cell junction. Sugars (especially sucrose), other compounds, and some mineral ions move between adjacent food-conducting cells. Sieve-tube members have thin primary cell walls but lack secondary cell walls. They are living cells at maturity.
Epidermis-Several types of specialized cells occur in the epidermis including guard cells, trichomes, and root hairs. Flattened epidermal cells, one layer thick and coated by a thick layer of cuticle, cover all parts of the primary plant body.
Lee Xien,
ReplyDeleteFor each of our genes we posess two 'alleles'(each gene consists of 2 alleles). One of these alleles in inherited from our father and one from our mother.
For example, for a particular gene, say the ability to roll your tongue, there is a dominant and a recessive gene. We can call the dominant allele 'A' for being able to roll our tongue and the recessive allele 'a' for being unable to roll our tongue. Our parents could posess any combination of these alleles: AA, aa or Aa.
Homozygous, meaning that the two alleles an individual posesses for one gene are the same i.e. AA or aa. AA is homozygous dominant, aa is homozygous recessive.
Heterozygous, meaning that the two alleles an individual posesses for one gene are different i.e. Aa.
Eg. type of hair. AA or Aa represnets curly hair-dominant trait (look for the the dominant allele ,A only if the dominant allele present). aa represents straight hair-recessive trait.
(You must memorise the dominant traits and recessive trait first. Check it out through http://www.blinn.edu/socialscience/LDThomas/Feldman/Handouts/0203hand.htm)
teacher , i'm sorry for not coming to your class today . i have to see the doctor at the General Hospital . what teacher teach us today ? before i forget , I will be not coming to your class for one week ( Monday *next week ) .
ReplyDelete1)Factors which will affect the rate of photosynthesis (light intensity, concentration of carbon dioxide, temperature)
ReplyDelete2)Methods to increase the quality & quantity of food production.
3)Experiment:The effect of distance of light
on the rate of photosynthesis.
Don't forget to do your revision. Do contact me if you have any problem...
teacher what work teacher give us today?
ReplyDeleteComplete your note until the end of Chapter 5 and complete the correction for your second monthly test. Hand in when you're present at school.
ReplyDeleteok teacher..i have hand my note book to teacher..just need to hand my correction only..
ReplyDeleteLee Xien,
ReplyDelete-Cancer is a genetic disease caused by uncontrolled mitosis.
-Cancerous cells divide freely and uncontrollably without heeding the cell cycle control system. These cells are undifferentiated and do not have specialised functions. The nuclei and number of chromosomes are abnormal.
-Cancerous cells compete with the surrounding normal cells to obtain sufficient nutrients and energy for their own growth.
-It can intrude on and spread to other tissues and ultimately death.
-A cancerous cell that is not destroyed will divide uncontrollably to form malignant tumour.
Lee Xien,
ReplyDelete1) Parkinson's disease is a motor system disorder that causes tremors in the body, making it difficult to eat, walk, or sit still without shaking or jerking. Parkinson's disease affects more than a person's physical movements---the change in brain chemistry also affects their emotions and sleeping patterns. Although there is no cure for Parkinson's disease, several drugs may help reduce the tremors.
Cause
According to the Mayo Clinic, scientists do not know what exactly causes Parkinson's disease. Scientists know some of the symptoms are caused when the brain cells that produce dopamine, a chemical messenger in the brain, die or become impaired. This reduces the amount of dopamine produced.
Symptoms
Symptoms of Parkinson's disease include tremors or shaking, which worsens when the person is not moving. According to FamilyDoctor.org, the tremors can affect one side of the body, including the lower jaw, arms and legs. People with Parkinson's disease often have difficulty walking, getting dressed, completing fine motor tasks, and may produce excess saliva.
Risk Factors
Being male, over the age of 50, and having a close relative with the disease increases a person's risk for developing Parkinson's disease. Constant exposure to pesticides or herbicides also increases a person's risk.
2)Multiple sclerosis or MS is a disease that affects the brain and spinal cord resulting in loss of muscle control, vision, balance, and sensation (such as numbness). With MS, the nerves of the brain and spinal cord are damaged by one's own immune system. Thus, the condition is called an autoimmune disease.
Autoimmune diseases are those whereby the body's immune system, which normally targets and destroys substances foreign to the body such as bacteria, mistakenly attacks normal tissues. In MS, the immune system attacks the brain and spinal cord, the two components of the central nervous system. Other autoimmune diseases include lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.
The central nervous system is made up of nerves that act as the body's messenger system. Each nerve is covered by a fatty substance called myelin, which insulates the nerves and helps in the transmission of nerve impulses, or messages, between the brain and other parts of the body. These messages control muscle movements, such as walking and talking.
MS gets its name from the buildup of scar tissue (sclerosis) in the brain and/or spinal cord. The scar tissue or plaques form when the protective and insulating myelin covering the nerves is destroyed, a process called demyelination. Without the myelin, electrical signals transmitted throughout the brain and spinal cord are disrupted or halted. The brain then becomes unable to send and to receive messages. It is this breakdown of communication that causes the symptoms of MS.
Although the nerves can regain myelin, this process is not fast enough to outpace the deterioration that occurs in MS. The types of symptoms, severity of symptoms, and the course of MS vary widely, partly due to the location of the scar tissue and the extent of demyelination.
MS is two to three times as common in females as in males and its occurrence is unusual before adolescence. A person has an increased risk of developing the disease from the teen years to age 50 with the risk gradually declining thereafter.
teacher , kenapa teacher tidak hadir ke sekolah ? PEKA bio yg teacher minta ada di atas meja teacher , rasanya semua student sudah hantar . -shalihin
ReplyDeleteHaving some health problem. Please inform the others,
Delete1)the PEKA experiment is postponed till after the first monthly test.
2)the test covers Chapter 1, excluding transport in plants.
3)complete the notes for chapter 2.
Nurul Huda,
ReplyDeleteIf the pathogen bypass the first line of body defence, the second line of body defence will take place. Phagocytosis will take place, it involves the phagocytes:neutrophil and monocytes. The process of phagocytosis is as below:
Step 1: The phagocytes get activated by the presence of certain particles around them. The foreign particle will release chemical substances.
Step 2: The phagocyte slowly attaches to the surface of the foreign particle. It will extend its pseudopodia to engulf the foreign particle.
Step 3: The pseudopodia surrounds the foreign particle from all sides to create a vacuole, known as phagosome or phagocytic vacuole. The phagosome is then passed into the cell for absorption.
Step 4: Now comes the role of the lysosomes, it consists of lysozyme (hydrolytic enzymes) which is specialized in digesting the particles that enter the cell. The lysozyme digest the phagocytic vacuole or phagosome, into its component materials. The essential nutrients, if any, are absorbed in the cell, and the rest is expelled as waste matter.
Nurul Huda,
ReplyDeleteThere are 2 types of immunity:(1)Active immunity ,(2)Passive immunity:
1)Active immunity
-Active immunity is long term protection and lasting.
-It takes time to react because it involves the production of antibodies against a specific agent by the immune system.
-2 types of active immunity:
(a)naturally acquired active immunity
Occurs when a person is exposed to harmful microbes in the environment, which usually is accidentally. Once these microbes penetrate the body’s skin, mucous membranes, or other primary defenses, it interacts with the immune system. B-cells in the body produce antibodies that help to fight against the invading microbes.
Examples of disease: chicken pox.
(b)Artificially acquired active immunity
Artificially acquired active immunity can be induced by a vaccine through vaccination, a substance that contains weakened or dead antigen. A vaccine stimulates the lymphocytes to produce antibodies. Usually booster (second injection)is needed to achieve the immunity level because the first injection does not achieve the immunity level(refer the graph in the reference book).
Examples of diseases: Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B,flu, cholera, plague, mumps, rubella.
2)Passive immunity
-a short-term protection and react immediately
-a form of immunity which occurs when antibodies are transferred from one person to another individual, or when antibodies of animal origin are introduced to a human.
-used when there is a high risk of infection and insufficient time for the body to develop its own immune response or antibodies (typically seen in cases where a patient needs immediate protection from something and he or she cannot form antibodies quickly enough independently).
-2 types:
(a)Naturally acquired passive immunity
Occurs during pregnancy, maternal antibodies are passed through the placenta to the fetus or transmitted through the colostrum, a liquid which is produced in the breasts for a baby's first meal. The antibodies transmitted through the colostrum and placenta generally only last for several weeks, which is long enough to allow the baby to start to build up its own immune system and to make its own antibodies.
(b)Artificial acquired passive immunity
Involves the injection of serum containing antibodies to an individual who may have been infected with a particular pathogen. It will achieve the immunity level immediately because it reacts immediately.Second injection is only required if the patient has not recovered (refer the graph in the reference book).
Examples of diseases: tetanus, snake bites,diphtheria,botulism and diphtheria
Hye. Im ex your student from smk bandar baru putra. Im study dip of science. I have a question. Can you explain about how cell make ATP which is have 4 stage. ( glycolysis , formation of acetyl coenzyme A, citric acid cycle , electron transport and chemiosis).
ReplyDeleteFormation of Acetyl CoA from Pyruvic Acid
DeleteIntroduction:
Under aerobic conditions the end product of glycolysis is pyruvic acid. The next step is the formation of acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) which is the initiator of the citric acid cycle. In carbohydrate metabolism, acetyl CoA is the link between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
The overall formation reaction of acetyl CoA may be represented as:
pyruvic acid + CoA + NAD+ ---> acetyl CoA + NADH + H+ + CO2
This reaction may be called the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA. The essential features are that NAD+ coenzyme is used to remove 2H's and 2e's from pyruvic acid. The reduced form, NADH, initiates the respiratory chain to regenerate NAD+. Decarboxylation which will be observed twice more in the citric acid cycle is the removal of the carboxylic acid group and subsequent conversion into CO2 .
This oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvic acid is catalyzed by the enzyme complex - pyruvate dehydrogenase. The term complex is used because three enzymes and five coenzymes are involved. The specific enzyme, pyruvate dehydrogenase contains thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) as a coenzyme.
Acetyl CoA Synthesis:
The first step (1) in the reaction sequence is that pyruvic acid becomes attached to a positively charged nitrogen in the five membered ring of TPP. This is unstable and the carboxyl group is lost as CO2 in a Decarboxylation reaction. The acetyl group is now attached to the TPP (2).
The second reaction involves lipoic acid attached to dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (enzyme) through an amide linkage with lysine in the protein chain of the enzyme. The significant grouping is the five member ring containing two sulfur.
This second reaction (3) is oxidation - reduction (the disulfide bond is reduced) and the acetyl group is transferred from TPP to the sulfur on lipoic acid (a thioester is formed).
The third reaction is also catalyzed by the same enzyme as above. The acetyl group is transferred onto coenzyme A (4).
The final two reactions catalyzed by the third enzyme, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, involve the regeneration of the disulfide bond in the five member ring in lipoamide (5). FAD cause the oxidation and formation of the disulfide bond to form the ring.
Finally FADH2 reacts with NAD+ in the electron transport chain (6) .The NADH + H+ formed in the last reaction initiates the electron transport chain sequence.
Overview of Citric Acid Cycle
Introduction to the Citric Acid Cycle:
Under aerobic conditions the end product of glycolysis is pyruvic acid. The next step is the formation of acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) which is the initiator of the citric acid cycle. In carbohydrate metabolism, acetyl CoA is the link between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
The citric acid cycle is also known as the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The citric acid cycle contains the final oxidation reactions, coupled to the electron transport chain, which produce the majority of the ATP in the body. Although we have only studied the formation of acetyl CoA from carbohydrates, it is also produced from the metabolism of fatty acids and amino acids which will be studied in later pages. The reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in the mitochondria which is also the location of the electron transport chain.
The overall reaction which occurs in the citric acid cycle may seem slightly odd. Actually, none of the compounds in the citric acid cycle appear in th equation since it is a cycle--the starting compound, oxaloacetic acid, is regenerated.
acetyl CoA + 3 H2O + 3 NAD+ + FAD + ADP ---> HSCoA + 2 CO2 + NADH + 3H+ + FADH2 + ATP
In the overall scheme of the metabolism of glucose, the citric acid cycle shows where the carbon dioxide comes from and starts the path of hydrogen and electrons into the electrontransport chain to produce water and trap energy as ATP.
The overall reaction for the metabolism of glucose is written:
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -----> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy
Glycolysis is a process that probably evolved billions of years ago when there was almost no molecular oxygen present in the atmosphere. Glycolysis is the process when one glucose molecule is broken down and forms two forms of pyruvic acid. This process involves several steps and occurs in plant cells, the cells of microorganisms and animal cells.
DeleteIn the first stage of the process, ATP energizes the molecules that have to be expended in the process. The next thing that happens during this process is related to the six-carbon glucose molecule which converts into intermediary compounds, which are later split into two three-carbon compounds.
ATP molecules are synthesized using the energy that is created during the chemical reactions. The result is that four ATP molecules are synthesized and two of them are used during glycolysis.
Another thing that happens during this process is the conversion of NAD to NADH, plus a hydrogen ion. NADH will be used in the electron transport system and its energy will be then released.
Glycolysis is a process that uses no oxygen, so it’s considered anaerobic. For bacteria and fermentation, this process is the only source of energy. Nonetheless, glycolysis is an efficient process because an important amount of energy remains in the two molecules of pyruvic acid.Usually, such a process is more difficult to understand, but if it’s taken step by step, you’ll have no problems. Read the following instructions:
1. First of all, you have to include structure names, enzymes, ATP, Pi and H2O.
2. Then, divide glycolysis in two phases: the first one is called energy investment phase and the second is energy payoff.
3. Additionally, start to learn the energy payoff phase, which involves manipulating a three carbon carbon to eventually yield pyruvate. All you have to do is to fill in the gap workaholic and that’s all.
Just explain the pathway actually good for me. :) hehehe. Im get confuse when read my revision solomon 9th edition biology.
ReplyDeleteCitric Acid Cycle
DeleteReaction 1: Synthesis of Citric Acid
Acetyl CoA and oxaloacetic acid condense to form citric acid. The acetyl group CH3COO is transferred from CoA to oxaloacetic acid at the ketone carbon, which is then changed to an alcohol. The net effect is to join a 2 carbon piece with a 4 carbon piece to make citric acid which is 6 carbons. This is just called the synthesis of citric acid.
This reaction is catalyzed by citric acid synthetase.
Reaction 2: Dehydration of an alcohol
Two steps (Rx. 2 and 3) are required to isomerize the position of the -OH group on citric acid. This first step is a dehydration of an alcohol to make an alkene. The cis-aconitic acid remains bound to the enzyme aconitase in readiness for the next step.
This reaction is catalyzed by aconitase.
Reaction 3: Hydration to make alcohol
This reaction is a hydration reaction of an alkene to make an alcohol. This hydration does not follow Markovnikov's Rule. The net effect of reactions 2 and 3 has been to move the -OH group from C-3 to C-2, which is isocitric acid.
This reaction is catalyzed by aconitase.
Reaction 4: Oxidation
This is the first oxidation reaction in which an alcohol is converted to a ketone. Two hydrogens and 2 electrons are transferred to NAD+ to NADH + H+. This is the entry point into the electron transport chain.
The product of this reaction, oxalosuccinic acid, remains attached to the isocitrate dehydrogenase for the next step.
This reaction is catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase.
Reaction 5: Decarboxylation
This is the first step where a carbon group is lost as carbon dioxide in a decarboxylation reaction. The remaining compound now has 5 carbons and is called alpha-ketoglutaric acid.
This reaction is also catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase.
Reaction 6: Oxidation, Decarboxylation, Thiol Ester Synthesis
DeleteThis complex oxidative decarboxylation is guided by three enzymes in much the same fashion as the formation of acetyl CoA from pyruvic acid. This is actually the only non-reversible step in the entire cycle and prevents the cycle from operating in the reverse direction.
This is the second oxidation reaction in which an alcohol is converted to a ketone. Two hydrogens and 2 electrons are transferred to NAD+ to NADH + H+. This another the entry point into the electron transport chain.
This is the second step where a carbon group is lost as carbon dioxide in a decarboxylation reaction. Essentially, although not the exact same carbons, the two carbons from the acetyl CoA have been converted to carbon dioxide at the end this step/.
The remaining 4 carbon group is attached to the CoA through a thiol ester high energy bond. Notice that the final product, succinyl CoA, has 4 carbons in the succinate group at one end of the CoA molecule.
This reaction is catalyzed by alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex.
Reaction 7: Hydrolysis of Succinyl CoA;
Synthesis of ATP
The hydrolysis of the thioester bond (exothermic) is coupled with the formation of ATP (Actually guanosine triphosphate is formed first but is further coupled with the ADP to make ATP). This is the only "visible" ATP formed in the entire cycle.
Succinic acid, a 4 carbon acid, is the product of this reaction. This is the start of the return to the beginning of the cycle.
This reaction is catalyzed by succinyl CoA.
Reaction 8: Oxidation
This slightly unusual oxidation reaction results in the removal of the hydrogens from saturated alkyl carbons to form an alkene, fumaric acid. The hydrogen acceptor is the coenzyme FAD instead of the more usual NAD+. This will be significant when the ATP is tabulated from the electron transport chain, since this coenzyme is in the enzyme complex 2. Only 2 ATP result from this reaction in the electron transport chain.
This reaction is catalyzed by succinate dehydrogenase.
Reaction 9: Hydration to form an alcohol
This is a simple hydration reaction of an alkene to form an alcohol. Take your pick where you place the -OH group since it must be adjacent to a carboxylic acid group in either case and forms malic acid.
This reaction is catalyzed by fumarase.
Reaction 10: Oxidation
This is the final reaction in the citric acid cycle. The reaction is the oxidation of an alcohol to a ketone to make oxaloacetic acid. The coenzyme NAD+ causes the transfer of two hydrogens and 2 electrons to NADH + H+. This is a final entry point into the electron transport chain.
This reaction is catalyzed by malate dehydrogenase.
Conclusion:
Starting with acetyl Co A with 2 carbons, the citric acid cycle spins these 2 carbons off as two carbon dioxide molecules.
Chemiosmosis in mitochondria
DeleteThe energy released as electrons pass down the gradient from NADH to oxygen is harnessed by three enzyme complexes of the respiratory chain (I, III, and IV) to pump protons (H+) against their concentration gradient from the matrix of the mitochondrion into the intermembrane space (an example of active transport).
As their concentration increases there (which is the same as saying that the pH decreases), a strong diffusion gradient is set up. The only exit for these protons is through the ATP synthase complex. As in chloroplasts, the energy released as these protons flow down their gradient is harnessed to the synthesis of ATP. The process is called chemiosmosis and is an example of facilitated diffusion.
In electron transport chain. NADH+ which higher energy will go to enzyme complex l. NADH+ which lower energy will go to enzyme complex lll. I'm right ?
DeleteTeacher,I'm joeyee
ReplyDeleteI want to know the differences between the inactive plasma protein and the active plasma protein..
actually,the function of both plasma protein are same or not?
Blood Clotting Proteins
ReplyDeleteFibrinogen and prothrombin are two of several plasma proteins crucial for proper blood coagulation, or clotting. These proteins are inactive until they come in contact with an injury, at which point they link together into a three-dimensional mesh that results in a blood clot. Fibrinogen is a large protein (over 300 kDa) that consists of three separate protein chains crosslinked together. Prothrombin is about 70 kDa, and includes three loops called Kringle domains.
Teacher, can I study with teacher every recess time and teacher can explain the transportation of plant clearly to me?
ReplyDeleteJOEY,
ReplyDeleteYes. Except Monday and Thursday cause I'm already engaged with other students.
Teacher, what is meaning by "the penetrated by the needle like mouthpart of an aphid which feed on the sap of plant
ReplyDeleteJoey,
ReplyDeleteAphids, also known as plant lice and in Britain and the Commonwealth as greenflies, blackflies or whiteflies, are small sap-sucking insects.
Aphids passively feed on sap of phloem vessels in plants.
Teacher, the osteoporosis and arthritis can explain again because I cannot get it
ReplyDeleteOsteoporosis (porous bones) is a progressive bone disease that is characterized by a decrease in bone mass and density which can lead to an increased risk of fracture. In osteoporosis, the bone mineral density (BMD) is reduced, bone microarchitecture deteriorates, and the amount and variety of proteins in bone are altered.
ReplyDeleteThe risk of osteoporosis fractures can be reduced with lifestyle changes and in those with previous osteoporosis related fractures medications. Lifestyle change includes diet, exercise, and preventing falls. The utility of calcium and vitamin D is questionable in most.
Osteoporosis itself has no symptoms; its main consequence is the increased risk of bone fractures. Osteoporotic fractures occur in situations where healthy people would not normally break a bone; they are therefore regarded as fragility fractures. Typical fragility fractures occur in the vertebral column, rib, hip and wrist.
Arthritis is a form of joint disorder that involves inflammation of one or more joints. There are over 100 different forms of arthritis. The most common form, osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease), is a result of trauma to the joint, infection of the joint, or age. Other arthritis forms are rheumatoid arthritis, Gout arthritis.
The major complaint by individuals who have arthritis is joint pain. Pain is often a constant and may be localized to the joint affected. The pain from arthritis is due to inflammation that occurs around the joint, damage to the joint from disease, daily wear and tear of joint, muscle strains caused by forceful movements against stiff painful joints and fatigue.
Teacher, the muscle cramp is a disease?
ReplyDelete" It involve of muscular dystrophy, osteoporosis and arthritis. "
This statement is correct or not?
JOEY,
ReplyDeleteConsequences of impaired musculoskeletal system on support and locomotion involve :
Muscular dystrophy, osteoporosis, muscle problems (muscle cramp, muscle strain) and arthritis.
A muscle cramp is an involuntarily and forcibly contracted muscle that does not relax. When we use the muscles that can be controlled voluntarily, such as those of our arms and legs, they alternately contract and relax as we move our limbs. Muscles that support our head, neck, and trunk contract similarly in a synchronized fashion to maintain our posture. A muscle (or even a few fibers of a muscle) that involuntarily (without consciously willing it) contracts is in a "spasm." If the spasm is forceful and sustained, it becomes a cramp. Muscle cramps often cause a visible or palpable hardening of the involved muscle.
Muscle cramps can last anywhere from a few seconds to a quarter of an hour or occasionally longer. It is not uncommon for a cramp to recur multiple times until it finally resolves. The cramp may involve a part of a muscle, the entire muscle, or several muscles that usually act together, such as those that flex adjacent fingers. Some cramps involve the simultaneous contraction of muscles that ordinarily move body parts in opposite directions.
Muscle cramps are extremely common. Almost everyone (one estimate is about 95%) experiences a cramp at some time in their life. Muscle cramps are common in adults and become increasingly frequent with aging. However, children also experience cramps of muscles.
Any of the muscles that are under our voluntary control (skeletal muscles) can cramp. Cramps of the extremities, especially the legs and feet, and most particularly the calf (the classic "charley horse"), are very common.
JOEY,
ReplyDeleteThe cause of muscle cramps is not always known. Muscle cramps may be brought on by many conditions or activities, such as:
Exercising, injury, or overuse of muscles.
Dehydration.
Pregnancy.
Exposure to cold temperatures, especially to cold water.
Other medical conditions, such as blood flow problems (peripheral arterial disease), kidney disease, thyroid disease, and multiple sclerosis.
Also, many medicines can cause muscle cramps.
Teacher, i will absent on Tuesday because I feel not well start on Monday. Can I meeting with teacher on Wednesday to study the lesson that i miss?What preparation should I do?
ReplyDeleteJoey,
ReplyDeleteAll right. Do the preparation on the human nervous system.
Teacher ,can explain again the part of the reabsorption start from the loop
ReplyDeleteThanks
Teacher, what is the meaning of Labour pain ?
ReplyDeleteMoulting or ecdysis is a process for the growth on the length of insect
Joey,
ReplyDeleteChildbirth includes both labor (the process of birth) and delivery (the birth itself); it refers to the entire process as an infant makes its way from the womb down the birth canal to the outside world.
Ecdysis is the moulting of the cuticula in many invertebrates. Since the cuticula of these animals often forms an inelastic exoskeleton, it is shed during growth and a new, larger covering is formed.[
Teacher, when the LH production stop not indicate the pregnancy?if no production of LH that mean no ovulation ,and the pregnancy does not involve ovulation,
ReplyDeleteWhen I refer textbook ,a women who is menopause, her ovary is less sensitive to stimulate menopause. That mean the women still will PRODUCE LH, right?
Teacher, how to explain the role of chromosome in the production of an extracellular enzyme?when I research reference book for this answers,they do not mentioned about role of chromosome,
ReplyDeleteJoey,
ReplyDeleteDNA in the chromosomes is the genetic instruction book for enabling the production of proteins (eg. enzymes) and cell processes that are essential to life and inherited from generation to generation.
Teacher, maybe I will absent class tomorrow because I'm fever.
ReplyDeleteIf I absent, can I meet teacher by Wednesday recess time?
Teacher, can I get a new set of bio paper exam because I want to try solve the questions again
ReplyDeleteTeacher can check the question of 41 in bio paper 1?
ReplyDeleteAccording to the exercise SPM 2006 question 34, the answer given is A
A:body length increase at QS because of the soft exoskeleton